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Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid

Lactic acid Benefits & Features

    • Lactic acid is known for its strong exfoliation action. (Huey-Chun Huang, Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid for Skin Health and Melanogenesis Inhibition, 2020)
    • When compared to its other members of the AHA family, the unique thing about lactic acid is that it moisturizes the skin. (Spada F, Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systems, 2018)
    • A little-known fact is that lactic acid is also an antioxidant.; it can squelch heavy metals that may be present in water, preventing them from attacking healthy cells and releasing collagen-degrading enzymes. (MDPI), (Yuki YAMAMOTO, 2006), (Barbara Algiert-Zielińska MSc, 2018)
    • Lactic acid can prove to be particularly helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and helping you even out your skin tone, primarily due to its exfoliation properties. (SURGEONS, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC)
    • Lactic Acid Can Significantly Reduce Breakouts and Fine Lines. (Today Medical News)
    • Lactic acid strengthens skin’s barrier by encouraging it to make more ceramides, a key component of healthy skin. (Fabrizio Spada 1, 2018) 
    • Lactic acid and glycolic acid often are used to treat acne. (Sheau-Chung Tang1, Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin, 2018)
    • Lactic acid used to treat keratosis pilaris, a.k.a. “chicken bumps” that appear on the backs of your arms or on the legs. (MIGALA, 2020)
    • Lactic acid as an effective antimicrobial. It works alongside them as a treatment for moderate skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. (WebMD Editorial Contributors,Dan Brennan, MD, 2021)
    • Overall, according to the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) some of the potential benefits of using lactic acid on the skin include: (US Food & Drug Administration, 2022)
    • Sloughing away accumulated dead skin cells.
    • Increasing cell turnover.
    • Removing acne causing bacteria.
    • Improving skin tone and texture.
    • Smoothing fine lines and surface wrinkles.
    • Unblocking and cleansing pores.

Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid Benefits & Features Lactic Acid Info: Our Product with Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Research Findings Chemical Compounds in Lactic Acid: Lactic Acid Benefits for Face Lactic Acid Benefits for Skin How to Use: Precaution: Frequently Asked Questions:  Suggested Research Papers for Further Reading: References:

Lactic Acid Info:

INCI: Lactic Acid

Also known as 2-hydroxypropionic acid

CAS Number:50-21-5 (Specialchem)

CosIng Information: 34809

Appearance: Liquid

Odour: Sweet



Rosehip Seed

It’s said that Cleopatra, the beautiful Egyptian queen, would bathe only with milk. Well, turns out she probably did it to maintain her beauty. She might have discovered the power of lactic acid before all of us!

Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to isolate the compound from sour milk, and in the late 1800s, German pharmacist Boehringer Ingelheim uncovered how to mass-produce lactic acid when he realized it was a byproduct of fermented sugar and starch in sour milk via bacteria. "Lactic acid is a light peeling agent, depending on strength," says MacGregor. She also notes that it "can smooth out the skin, making it glow." You can find lactic acid in many of the same places other Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs) are found, including products that advertise that they contain AHAs but don't specify which they contain.

Lactic Acid is a naturally occurring alpha hydroxy acid (or AHA) produced by fermentation of sugars. It is the alpha hydroxy acid most frequently used for peel products. Very useful to rejuvenate the skin by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells.

Lactic acid is produced by bacterial fermentation (various Lactobacilli) of carbohydrates (sugar, starch). Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar beet juice is frequently applied. (mak)

Our Product with Lactic Acid


EXFOLIATION LIGHTENING & PROTECTION: When choosing Skin Lightening skincare products, using natural ingredients instead of hydroquinone should always be preferred. The skin Lightening Serum is a natural formulation to brighten uneven skin tone & protect overall skin health. It’s Infused with nature's most effective nutrients, Lactic acid, Mulberry extract & Tea Tree oil for exfoliating & reducing dark spots, patches & pigmentation; it also soothes the skin with a balanced natural pH level.


LACTIC ACID: Lactic Acid is the most well-known & researched among the AHA’s. It can gently slough off dead skin by breaking the bonds between the outer layer of skin cells and rejuvenate it by encouraging the shedding of old surface skin cells. It reduces the appearance of fine lines irregular, pigmentation & decreases enlarged pores. It has moisturizing and anti-aging properties, which makes skin smooth and even complexion; Also, the molecule of the acid makes it gentler.

Chemical Compounds in Lactic Acid:


Molecular formula CH3CH(OH)COOH

Rosehip Oil Chemical Structure

Lactic Acid Research Findings

Lactic acid is the second most well-known and most well researched among the AHAs. Lactic acid is probably one of oldest actives, about which women have noticed that it has some nice benefits to the skin.

Legend has it that in ancient Egypt Cleopatra bathed in sour milk. And yes, you guessed it right: sour milk is a major natural source of lactic acid.

As an AHA it’s also true of lactic acid that it can gently lift away dead skin cells revealing the fresher, smoother, nicer skin underneath (Huey-Chun Huang, 2020). This is an awesome property of AHAs, and this alone makes us a total fan!

But just like glycolic acid, lactic acid also knows some more. However, the “some more” is a bit different for the two of them. The differences stem from the fact that the molecule of lactic acid is larger.

Because of the larger molecule it can penetrate the skin less effectively. This means on the one hand that lactic acid is more gentle and on the other hand that the anti-aging properties are probably a little less effective.

While the collagen boosting ability of lactic acid is not so well proven there are studies that show that it also has great anti-aging properties (if used in the right concentration at the right pH).


A study (Choi, 2001)done in 1996 compared a 5% and a 12% lactic acid treatment and examined their effect on the outer (epidermis) and middle (dermis) layer of the skin. The result was that both treatments had nice exfoliation effect, but the 5% treatment only affected the epidermis while the 12% treatment affected both the dermis and the epidermis.

Lactic Acid for Skin

Lactic acid is a natural alpha hydroxy acid that is derived from milk. It removes the upper layers of skin and allows new, lighter skin to be revealed. In addition to helping with hyperpigmentation around your thighs, elbows, and underarms, it can also help promote collagen production and exfoliate other areas of your body like the hands and feet. (WebMD Editorial Contributors, Dan Brennan, MD, 2021) 

  1. Exfoliation: ( (Huey-Chun Huang, 2020) Just like other AHAs, lactic acid is known for its strong exfoliation action. It removes dead skin cells from the top layer of your skin, ensuring new cells get generated. Exfoliation is one of the most important aspects of skincare because if you let dead skin cells accumulate, it will lead to skin problems like a dull skin tone, acne, and even the appearance of fine lines. Lactic acid will get rid of the dead cells, ensuring your skin looks bright and is healthy from within.Lactic acid speeds up cell turnover and stimulates cell renewal—the process by which your skin sheds old cells and replaces them with new ones. (Sheau-Chung Tang 1, 2018) As a result, it gives you a brighter complexion, as well as smoother and softer skin.
  2. Moisturisation: (Spada F, 2018)When compared to its other members of the AHA family, the unique thing about lactic acid is that it moisturizes the skin. Research published in the journal Clinical, Cosmetic, and Investigational Dermatology found that lactic acid can actually mimic the skin’s own mechanism of moisturization and improve its ability to keep itself hydrated, thus preventing dry skin. Ensuring that the skin stays well-moisturized also minimizes the risk of fine lines. It helps improve the skin's natural moisture factor or the way it keeps itself hydrated.
  3. Collagen stimulation: (MDPI), (Yuki YAMAMOTO, 2006), (Barbara Algiert-Zielińska MSc, 2018) You see, we need collagen because it is a building block for the skin and ensures your skin stays youthful. After the age of 25, its production starts to decline. Turns out, you can apply lactic acid on your skin to stimulate collagen production! This will ensure that you stay clear of signs of aging. A little-known fact is that lactic acid is also an antioxidant; it can squelch heavy metals that may be present in water, preventing them from attacking healthy cells and releasing collagen-degrading enzymes.
  4. Reduces Hyperpigmentation: (SURGEONS, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC) If you’ve noticed hyperpigmentation on your skin, you should definitely look into lactic acid. Lactic acid can prove to be particularly helpful in reducing hyperpigmentation and helping you even out your skin tone, primarily due to its exfoliation properties. There’s no doubt that lactic acid can be great for your dermatological health, but also keep in mind that it can cause sensitivity to the sun. Hence, apply it only during the night, and don’t leave your home without applying sunscreen the next morning. You can use lactic acid to boost your skin health with just a little care!

Lactic Acid for Face

Lactic Acid Can Significantly Reduce Breakouts and Fine Lines. (Today Medical News) Lactic acid strengthens skin’s barrier by encouraging it to make more ceramides, a key component of healthy skin, it’s often recommended for sensitive skin, although all skin types can use it. (Fabrizio Spada 1, 2018)    

Lactic acid also strongly influences skin’s microbiome, helping to keep its first line of defense strong by positively interacting with a neuropeptide in skin’s surface known as Substance P, resulting in quick diffusion of signs skin is stressed. (MDPI) (R. Sfriso, 2019)Its discoloration-fading results also apply to post-breakout marks involving excess melanin (skin pigment) and it helps hasten the fading of pink-to-red post-breakout marks. (Shokeen, 2016)

Lactic Acid for Acne:

Lactic acid and glycolic acid often are used to treat acne. Products that contain lactic acid include cleansers, creams, and lotions. It is often used in at-home peels and masks. The research evidence suggests that the time of exposure to lactic acid, as with the masks and peels, will contribute to how effective it is. (Sheau-Chung Tang1, 2018)

Lactic acid for Body

Lactic acid as an effective antimicrobial. Some research suggests that lactic acid and probiotic supplements can help with sensitive skin. By teaming up to fix certain inflammatory reactions, they can both give a microbial balance to the skin. While probiotics promote more in-depth regulation by balancing the gut, lactic acid works alongside them as a treatment for moderate skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. (WebMD Editorial Contributors,Dan Brennan, MD, 2021)

Beyond the face, lactic acid is often incorporated into body lotions. Most notably, it’s used to treat keratosis pilaris, a.k.a. “chicken bumps” that appear on the backs of your arms or on the legs. The skin condition is harmless but is often bothersome. Lactic acid can take care of these little bumps, says Dr. Hollmig, but you must apply the lotion regularly long-term for best results. (MIGALA, 2020)

Lactic Acid vs. Other Acids

If you're wondering how it differs from other acids, like, say, glycolic acid, the lactic acid molecule is actually larger, so it can't penetrate as deeply—instead, you're getting more surface treatment (polishing, firming, exfoliating goodness). This is good news for those with sensitive skin, though, who'll likely be able to tolerate its effects better. This isn't just good news for people with sensitive skin, though, because it means lactic acid is also less likely than glycolic or salicylic acid to cause irritation and disrupt the pH of your skin barrier. So pretty much anyone can use it. If you're someone with acneic skin who needs a lot of exfoliations, you can alternate your use of lactic acid with the use of something deeper like salicylic, which will clear off dead skin (FAITH XUE, 2022) and deep clean your pores.

Uses Of Lactic Acid

Typical use level is between 1-20%.

Lactic acid up to a maximum level of 2.5% and a pH ≥ 5

How to use

The lactic acid exfoliant step in your skincare routine is done once or twice daily after cleansing and toning. After application, you can follow with your other leave-on products, finishing with sunscreen during the day and moisturizer (if needed) at night.

Lactic acid for underarms - does it really work?

Sweating is a part of our daily life. We all have around four million sweat glands to balance our temperature and release toxins. Without sweat, we can easily overheat and cause serious harm to our bodies.The breakdown of sweat

There are two main sweat glands within our body: eccrine sweat glands that produce watery and salty sweat, and apocrine sweat glands that are found in areas of our body like armpits and groins. Bacteria tend to live where our apocrine sweat glands are located, and when we produce sweat, this bacterium breaks down the chemicals; its output creates both discoloration and an unmistakable scent. Our armpits have a normal pH balance of 5.5, but when bacteria live and thrive where our apocrine sweat glands are, the imbalance can seem like an uphill battle.

There are tricks and trades as old as time to cure the smells and stains that come with sweat, especially when it comes to underarms, and one of the hottest ingredients on the market includes Lactic acid.

Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid which can easily penetrate your skin and remove dead skin cells. When using Lactic acid, benefits include:

  • Lighter skin, especially in discolored areas
  • New cell growth stimulation
  • Balanced pH levels

While lighter skin and stimulated cell growth is great news for those who have darker underarms, one of the most powerful perks of Lactic acid is its ability to balance your armpit’s pH levels. Lactic acid’s penetration can easily restore balance to your armpits, dislodging the bacteria breaking down your sweat, to create a fresh and odorless environment. It has worked wonders for people with a variety of skin types and has quickly become one of the hottest products on the market.

A harsh exfoliant applied to your skin—especially an area as sensitive as underarms—can create irritation, hyperpigmentation, and other damaging effects. More than just a warning for those with sensitive skin, over-applying acid to your body on a daily basis easily does more harm than good.

Treatment Regime//TIPS

Lactic acid, alongside other AHAs, increases

 (US Food & Drug Administration, 2022)the skin’s sensitivity to the sun. As a result, people should always wear sunscreen if they incorporate an AHA into their skin care routine.Important: Do not use lactic acid pure and undiluted; the solution

is highly acidic and can lead to skin irritation and skin burns. External use only. Please note that when using this ingredient

regularly in skin care products, the skin will be very sensitive and needs to be protected from the sun, wearing sunscreen or any

other protection. Follow all directions on the product label or ask the Doctor for a dosage.

Precaution:

The American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD) suggests that a person tests the skin care products by:

  1. Applying the product to a test spot, such as the bend of the elbow or the underside of the arm. People should do this twice a day for 7–10 days, using the same amount and thickness they would be using if they were applying the product normally.
  2. Leaving the product on for as long as the packet instructions suggest.
  3. Using the product if no irritation or inflammation occurs.

Frequently Asked Questions: 

  • Do I need lactic acid in my skincare?

Lactic acid has a few benefits for skin. This alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) removes dead skin cells, lightens dark spots, and improves the look of fine lines and wrinkles on all skin types—including sensitive skin. Lactic acid is used in over-the-counter (OTC) skin care products and professional treatments.

  • Does lactic acid brighten skin?

Through its exfoliating action, lactic acid is used to swipe away dead skin cells, brighten complexion, lighten hyperpigmentation, and improve the appearance of fine lines. Different than other acids, it's also moisturizing, which is why you'll see it show up across skincare products.

  • What skin type is lactic acid best for?

Lactic acid works on all skin types, however is particularly beneficial for sensitive, dry and mature skin. “It should be one of the first exfoliating acids people go to if they are more sensitive or cautious about exfoliating.

  • Is lactic acid better for oily or dry skin?

Glycolic Acid may be better tolerated by normal to oily skin types, and is often advised for uneven skin texture since it may penetrate deeper into the skin layer. Lactic Acid, on the other hand, is a milder exfoliant that can be ideal for dry or sensitive skin.

  • Canlacticacidbe usedonthe body?

Lactic acid is a gentle yet effective exfoliating ingredient for rough, dry skin anywhere on the body, especially scaly skin on your legs, bumpy skin on the backs of your arms, elbows, knees and calluses.

  • Does lactic acid tighten pores?

Alpha hydroxy acids like glycolic acid and lactic acid can have a retexturizing effect on the skin. Using products that contain these ingredients may help to reduce the appearance of enlarged pores by helping to sweep away dead skin cells, oil and other debris that has built up inside pores and on the skin's surface.

  • Is lactic acid an AHA or BHA?

Lactic acid is another common AHA. Unlike other AHAs made from fruits, lactic acid is made from lactose in milk. It's also known for its significant exfoliation and anti-aging effects.

  • How often should you apply lactic acid?

Start by following the instructions on the packaging—many advise using lactic acid every other night, or even once or twice a week. Slight tingling or redness is normal, but if you experience anything more intense, talk to your derma. Layer on a moisturizer.

  • Do I moisturize after lactic acid?

Lactic acid is a time-tested exfoliator that provides deep hydration and helps smooth out fine lines and wrinkles. To incorporate lactic acid into your skincare routine, start with a cleanser, followed by serum, and then moisturizer.

  • Is lactic acid safe to use in pregnancy?

AHA treatments are safe to use during pregnancy. However, a person should speak with a dermatologist before undergoing treatments if they are pregnant

  • Is lactic acid safe to use alongside other anti-aging products?

People can alternate using products containing lactic acid with other anti-aging products, such as vitamin C and Retinoid creams.

  • How long does lactic acid take to work?

The length of time it takes lactic acid to work depends on the product and the intensity of the chemical peel.

  • Who should use lactic acid?

Anyone with acne prone skin. Just remember to do a patch test first, to detect any side effects or further irritability to the skin.

  • What is lactic acid best known for?

Lactic acid is best known for its exfoliating properties; however, it boasts other benefits as well.

  • Does lactic acid help clear skin?

Lactic acid is a type of AHA present in many exfoliating skin care products. It removes the top layer of the dead skin cells and can help improve skin texture, reduce dark spots, smooth fine lines, and cleanse pores.

  • Do you leave lactic acid on overnight?

Many skincare experts recommend going slow when you first start using lactic acid, but ours is gentle enough for regular use. But because of its restorative properties, it's best to use lactic acid at night. See our previous blog for serious overnight skincare.

  • Is lactic acid better than hyaluronic acid?

While lactic acid will remove those dead skin cells, hyaluronic acid nourishes the skin. There are many overlaps in the uses of these two 'acids,' but the two key differences are: Lactic acid can be used to treat acne, whereas hyaluronic acid cannot;

  • Do you apply lactic acid on wet skin?

No, you apply to dry skin directly after cleansing and follow with your other products.

  • Is lactic acid as good as retinol?

Lactic Acid can be a great alternative to retinol for clients who cannot use retinol or cannot tolerate a retinol nightly, for its smoothing, brightening benefits. If your skin can tolerate it, you will experience the best results if both products are incorporated in your routine.

  • Does lactic acid make skin sensitive to the sun?

Like other AHAs, lactic acid increases sun sensitivity, so you should never use them in the morning.

  • Does lactic acid make skin glowy?

It brightens Skin. Exfoliation can revive your skin, taking it from dull and tried to glowing and healthy. With lactic acid sweeping away your dead skin cells, you'll find your complexion looks visibly brighter and your skin tone appears even.

  • Does lactic acid get rid of dark circles?

The most frequently used peels for dark circles are arginine and lactic acid peels.

  • Do dermatologists recommend lactic acid?

"Lactic acid is the preferred acid for sensitive skin," Dr. Jaliman says. Still, like other AHAs, you should be cautious when trying lactic acid for the first time. Experts suggest not using products that contain lactic acid when using retinol, since the combination could cause redness.

  • How many lactic acid peels to see results? 

Your best bet in this case would be using a Lactic Acid peel, 1-2 times per week. Lactic acid is less irritating and drying then Glycolic Acid, and helps skin retain moisture better.

  • How much percentage of lactic acid is good for skin?

When using lactic acid in 12% concentrations, the skin gets firmer and thicker. As a result, there is an overall smoother appearance and fewer fine lines and deep wrinkles.



Suggested Research Papers for Further Reading:

Barbara Algiert-Zielińska MSc, P. M. (2018, 09 30). Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14202


Sheau-Chung Tang1, 2. a.-H. (2018, 04 10). Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin. doi:10.3390/molecules23040863

References:

  • (n.d.). Retrieved from makingcosmetics.com Barbara Algiert-Zielińska MSc, P. M. (2018, 09 30). Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14202
  • Choi, E. H. (2001, 03). The effects of topical α‐hydroxyacids on the normal skin barrier of hairless mice. The effects of topical α‐hydroxyacids on the normal skin barrier of hairless mice(Pubmed). doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04011.x
  • Fabrizio Spada 1, T. M. (2018, 10 15). Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin's own natural moisturizing systems. Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin's own natural moisturizing systems. doi:10.2147/CCID.S177697
  • FAITH XUE, R. N. (2022). Keratosis Pilaris: What It Is and How to Treat It. BYRDIE. Retrieved from https://www.byrdie.com/keratosis-pilaris
  • Huey-Chun Huang, I. J.-M. (2020). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid for Skin Health and Melanogenesis Inhibition, 21(7), 11. doi:10.2174/1389201021666200109104701
  • Huey-Chun Huang, I. J.-M. (2020). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid for Skin Health and Melanogenesis Inhibition. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactic Acid for Skin Health and Melanogenesis Inhibition, 21(7), 12. doi:10.2174/1389201021666200109104701
  • MIGALA, J. (2020). Lactic Acid Is the Gentle AHA Your Skincare Routine Needs, According to a Dermatologist. Prevention.com. Retrieved from https://www.prevention.com/beauty/skin-care/a32743734/what-is-lactic-acid/ R. Sfriso, c. a. (2019, 12 25). Revealing the secret life of skin ‐ with the microbiome you never walk alone. doi:10.1111/ics.12594
  • Root, R. W., & Irving, L. (1943). THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND LACTIC ACID ON THE OXYGEN-COMBINING POWER OF WHOLE AND HEMOLYZED BLOOD OF THE MARINE FISH TAUTOGA ONITIS (LINN.). The Biological Bulletin, 84(3), 207-212.Sheau-Chung Tang1, 2. a.-H. (2018, 04 10). Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin. doi:10.3390/molecules23040863
  • Shinoda, H., Asou, Y., Suetsugu, A., & Tanaka, K. (2003). Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Biodegradable Copolymer, Poly(aspartic acid‐co‐lactic acid). Macromolecular Bioscience, 3(1), 34-43.Shokeen, D. (2016, 01). National Library Of Medicine. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with skin of color. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26919365/
  • Spada F, B. T. (2018, 08 15). Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systems, 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S177697
  • Spada F, B. T. (2018, 06 19). Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systems. Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin’s own natural moisturizing systems, 2018:11, 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S177697
  • Specialchem. (n.d.). LACTIC ACID. INCI Directory. Retrieved from https://cosmetics.specialchem.com/inci-ingredients/lactic-acid SURGEONS, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC. (n.d.). AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGEONS. Retrieved from https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/chemical-peel/light
  • Today Medical News. (n.d.). Uses and benefits of lactic acid in skin care. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lactic-acid-for-skin
  • US Food & Drug Administration. (2022). Alpha Hydroxy Acids. fda.gov. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/alpha-hydroxy-acids
  • WebMD Editorial Contributors, Dan Brennan, MD. (2021). What to Know About Lactic Acid for Skin Care. WebMD. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/beauty/lactic-acid-for-skin-care
  • Yuki YAMAMOTO, K. U. (2006, 02 10). Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the human skin of Japanese subjects: The rationale for chemical peeling. Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the human skin of Japanese subjects: The rationale for chemical peeling. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00003.x


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    Posted by Bella James | June 30, 2024
  • I have been diagnosed of genital Herpes for 3years and lived in pain with the knowledge that I wasn’t going to ever be well again I contacted so many herbal doctors on this issue and wasted a large sum of money but my condition never got better I was determined to get my life back so one day I saw several post about Dr Aba the herbalist how he’s used natural herbal roots and herbs to cure this particular virus. immediately I contacted Aba on his email address dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com we spoke on the issue I told him all that I went through and he told me not to worry everything will be fine again so he prepared the medicine and send it to me through ups delivery including a tree root which he said was very important and told me how to use it.. after 14days of usage the Pain, itching, and sores were gone after about 2months, am the happiest woman on earth now. This testimony is real. Thanks to Dr aba God bless you. you can reach him on his WhatsApp number on +2348107155060
    Posted by anne davis | June 29, 2024

  • I am so happy, i never believe i will be this happy again in life, I was working as an air-hoster ( cabby crew ) for 3years but early this year, i loose my job because of this deadly disease. called Herpes virus (HSV), I never felt sick or have any symptom, till all workers were ask to bring their doctors report, that was how i got tested and i found out that am HSV positive that make me loose my job, because it was consider as an STD and is incurable disease, i was so depress was thinking of committing suicide, till i explain to a friend of mine, who always said to me a problem share is a problem solved, that was how she directed me to Dr Aba, that was how i contacted him and get the medication from this doctor and i got cured for real, I just went back to my work and they also carry out the test to be real sure and i was negative. Please contact this doctor if you are herpes positive or any STD diseases his email is: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or you can call or whatsApp his mobile number on +2348107155060.

    Posted by reyes sandra | June 29, 2024

  • I’m very excited to inform everyone that I’m completely cured from HSV1&2 recently. I have used Oregano oil, Coconut oil, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, and some other products and it’s really help during my outbreaks but I totally got cured from HSV1&2 with a strong and active herbal medicine ordered from a powerful herbalist called Dr Aba and it completely fought the virus away my nervous system and I tested negative after 14 days of using the herbal medicine. I’m here to let everyone know that herpes virus has a complete cure, I got rid of mine with the help of Dr Aba and his herbal exploit. Contact him via email: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or WhatsApp him at +2348107155060

    Posted by maria erica | June 29, 2024
  • I have been diagnosed of genital Herpes for 3years and lived in pain with the knowledge that I wasn’t going to ever be well again I contacted so many herbal doctors on this issue and wasted a large sum of money but my condition never got better I was determined to get my life back so one day I saw several post about Dr Aba the herbalist how he’s used natural herbal roots and herbs to cure this particular virus. immediately I contacted Aba on his email address dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com we spoke on the issue I told him all that I went through and he told me not to worry everything will be fine again so he prepared the medicine and send it to me through ups delivery including a tree root which he said was very important and told me how to use it.. after 14days of usage the Pain, itching, and sores were gone after about 2months, am the happiest woman on earth now. This testimony is real. Thanks to Dr aba God bless you. you can reach him on his WhatsApp number on +2348107155060
    Posted by anne davis | June 29, 2024

  • Get rid of all kinds of Herpes and virus infections, Diabetes, Hepatitis A B C, Menopause and HIV with Natural Roots and Herbs, i was once infected with HERPES and after using Dr UMA Herbal Medicine for couple of weeks i couldn’t trace it anymore, i even went for checkup and my test came out Negative. Get your cure today from this wonderful herbalist, Dr. UMA.
    You can also reach doctor UMA on WhatsApp
    +2347035619585 or Email dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com.

    Posted by magriet dennis | June 29, 2024

  • Get rid of all kinds of Herpes and virus infections, Diabetes, Hepatitis A B C, Menopause and HIV with Natural Roots and Herbs, i was once infected with HERPES and after using Dr UMA Herbal Medicine for couple of weeks i couldn’t trace it anymore, i even went for checkup and my test came out Negative. Get your cure today from this wonderful herbalist, Dr. UMA.
    You can also reach doctor UMA on WhatsApp
    +2347035619585 or Email dr.umaherbalcenter@gmail.com.

    Posted by magriet dennis | June 29, 2024

  • I started my herpes herbal treatment last month from doctor Excel and after I finish drinking the medicine for several days I did a test several times on the virus and amazingly all the results came out negative In all of the test I did. Dr Excel herbal medicine cured me of my herpes virus after all the outbreaks and blisters had long gone.. Get to know more about this herbal doctor on his website: Excelherbalcure.com you can also call or chat with him on WhatsApp +1 509 883 9893

    Posted by charlotte | June 28, 2024

  • My name is Nina Williams and I am divorced. I had three kids with my ex-husband who messed up my credit report before we got divorced, he messed up my credit report. I was really frustrated as life with my kids became a living hell as a single mother.. So I met a friend in the church who told me about H A C K M A V E N S CREDIT SPECIALIST. I contacted them and in less than 7 days they got my credit fixed and increased my score from 515 to 785. I now can take loans, own a house and a business. You can reach out to them via EMAIL: H A C K M A V E N S 5 @ G M A I L. C O M or Call/Text/WhatsApp: [+ 1 (2 0 9) 4 1 7 – 1 9 5 7] if you have any credit related.

    Posted by Nina Williams | June 28, 2024

  • My name is Nina Williams and I am divorced. I had three kids with my ex-husband who messed up my credit report before we got divorced, he messed up my credit report. I was really frustrated as life with my kids became a living hell as a single mother.. So I met a friend in the church who told me about H A C K M A V E N S CREDIT SPECIALIST. I contacted them and in less than 7 days they got my credit fixed and increased my score from 515 to 785. I now can take loans, own a house and a business. You can reach out to them via EMAIL: H A C K M A V E N S 5 @ G M A I L. C O M or Call/Text/WhatsApp: [+ 1 (2 0 9) 4 1 7 – 1 9 5 7] if you have any credit related.

    Posted by Nina Williams | June 28, 2024

  • I am so happy, i never believe i will be this happy again in life, I was working as an air-hoster ( cabby crew ) for 3years but early this year, i loose my job because of this deadly disease. called Herpes virus (HSV), I never felt sick or have any symptom, till all workers were ask to bring their doctors report, that was how i got tested and i found out that am HSV positive that make me loose my job, because it was consider as an STD and is incurable disease, i was so depress was thinking of committing suicide, till i explain to a friend of mine, who always said to me a problem share is a problem solved, that was how she directed me to Dr Aba, that was how i contacted him and get the medication from this doctor and i got cured for real, I just went back to my work and they also carry out the test to be real sure and i was negative. Please contact this doctor if you are herpes positive or any STD diseases his email is: dr.abaherbalhome@gmail.com or you can call or whatsApp his mobile number on +2348107155060

    Posted by reyes sandra | June 27, 2024

  • Am really grateful and thankful for what Dr Aba has done for me and my family. I Was having HERPES for good three years with no solution, the diseases almost took my life and because I was unable to work and I was also loosing lots of money for medication, but one faithful day when I went online, I met lots of testimonies about this great man so I decided to give it a try and to God be the glory he did it. he cured me of my diseases and am so happy and so pleased to Write about him today. if you need his help or you also want to get cured just the way I got mine, just email him below Dr.abaherbalherbalhome@gmail.com or Whatsapp ;+2348107155060

    Posted by jessica | June 27, 2024

  • Greetings to everyone here online🤗. In 2020 during the time of coronavirus I had HSV1 which I have been looking for a way to cure. I didn’t see any herbal remedy to cure me. I worried both day and night that this disease shouldn’t take away my life at an early age. I did so much research online to cure my HSV1, I couldn’t find anyone who will help me. Exactly the day I went to the hospital to take my covid-19 injection my doctor told me what to write to get a good search online so I can find a herbal spell caster to get me cured. So I really did what the doctor says, so I went home to search for a cure online and I found a spell caster called Dr ughulu who prepared me herbal remedy to cure my HSV1 and covid-19 disease. He did everything within 24 hours. Now if you’re going through all kind of disease contact Dr ughulu phone number here: CALL NUMBER: +1(252) 409-1841 You can visit his website: https://drughulupowerfulsp.wixsite.com/my-site-ughulu EMAIL:drughulupowerfulspelltemple@gmail.com

    Posted by Elizabeth Lucas | June 27, 2024

  • May the creator bless Dr.Excel for his marvelous work in my life, my name is Valeska Sarah from Denver and I have got this nasty herpes since 2019 and have been taking some antiviral medications from my doctor but I wasn’t satisfied and needed to get the virus outta my system so I searched about some possible cure for herpes when I saw several comments about Dr Excel how he use herbal meds to cure this same virus so immediately I contacted him for the medication which he sent me through DHL delivery company. I drank the medicine as prescribed by him and weeks later I tested negative for the virus in different lab test. Dr.Excel truly is great and real’ visit his website to know more about this herbalist https://excelherbalcure.com

    Posted by Valeska | June 26, 2024

  • After seeing few different doctors in one year of what seemed like eternity, going through different detoxes, flushes, pills, being somewhat may be diagnosed, yet getting worse.. I finally found Dr. Colle. During our introductory meeting I was supposed to write down 5 things that I wanted him to help me with… those were 5 symptoms that lowered my quality of life, 5 symptoms that other doctors disregarded or told me I will have to deal with for the rest of my life. 2 months later, he did it! He fixed me! Finally, for the first time in very many years, I have no complaints!
    You can reach him via whatsapp: +2349160196249
    Email: dr.colleherbalhome@gmail.com

    Posted by Jason | June 26, 2024

  • I wanna share this great story to the world on how I got cured from HSV2 with herbal medication… I was skeptical when I first contacted the herbalist but I decided to give him a try because I needed to get cured and be free from the nasty virus, he prepared the herbal medication and sent it through DHL delivery which I drink just the way he ask me to and now I’m glad to be a beneficiary of this herbal cure! I went back to the hospital after waitin two to three I tested Negative for the virus after all the symptoms had long gone! If you are going through the same situation you can also contact him on his website/WhatsApp +1 509 883 9893 https://excelherbalcure.com No body deserves such nasty virus, it’s not worth it.

    Posted by Sarah | June 25, 2024

  • I’m here to share my encounter with herpes virus. I was heartbroken and depressed when I got diagnosed of Genital herpes.. I was given some antiviral pills to “take called acyclovir which even made me more sick and gave me headaches to the point of me puking. I searched everywhere for a solution then I came across this herbal doctor called Excel who gave me hope that he can cure me totally from the virus with his herbal medication so I gave it a try and he prepared and send me the medication through DHL and I drink it for several days the sores were the first to go away and I have just tested negative to the virus for the second time. believe me this is real! Get to know about this herbal man and his medication on his website Excelherbalcure.com

    Posted by Kisha | June 23, 2024
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