Rosehip Oil
Rosehip Oil Benefits & Features
- Rosehip is excellent for Anti-ageing. (J. Concha, 2006)
- It minimises facial expression wrinkles & prevents premature ageing of skin
- tissues. (Adele Sparavigna, 2009)
- A natural source of Vitamin A in the form of trans-retinoic acid’s rejuvenation action makes skin fresher, smoother & more elastic. (Adele Sparavigna, 2009)
- The most abundant Fatty acid is Linoleic acid (35.9–54.8%). (Ilyasoğlu, 2014) (Cosima Chrubasik, 2008)
- Renewal of the skin tissue & Cell regeneration process happens due to synthesising prostaglandins by enriched essential fatty acids. (Adele Sparavigna, 2009).
- Treat Wounds with high content of essential fatty & unsaturated acids implemented in the permeability of cell membranes & injuries repair mechanisms. (Kamada, 2009)
- Effective on scars caused by Stretchmarks, sunburns & skin spots due to containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, Vitamin A(trans-retinoic) & other vital substances. (Adele Sparavigna, 2009)
- Protect the skin cell membranes from lipid oxidation with highly effective lipophilic antioxidants Tocopherol & carotenoids.
- It has relatively high protection against inflammation & oxidative stress. (Cosima Chrubasik, 2008)
- Reduces Wrinkles, Acne & normalizes pore size. (Inés Mármol, 2017 )
- Rosehip Oil is an Excellent Moisturizer.
Rosehip Seed Oil
Rosehip Oil Info:
INCI: Rosa Rubigonsa Seed Oil
Also Known as Rosehip Seed Oil,Rosa Mosqueta Seed Oil,Rosa Eglenteria Seed Oil
CAS Number: 92347-25-6
Colour: Golden Brown
Aroma: Rosy & Woody
CosIng Information:
All Functions: emollient
Description: rosa rubiginosa seed oil is the oil expressed from the seeds of the rose, rosa rubiginosa l., rosaceae
Rosa species, Rose hips, are widespread wild plants traditionally used as medicinal compounds to treat various diseases. The therapeutic potential of these plants is based on the antioxidant effects caused by or associated with their phytochemical composition, which includes ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, and healthy fatty acids, among others. (Inés Mármol, 2017 )
Over the last few years, medicinal interest in rose hips has increased because of recent research that has studied its potential application as a treatment for several diseases and skin disorders. In this review, the role of different Rosa species in the prevention and treatment of various disorders related to oxidative stress is examined, focusing on new therapeutic approaches from a molecular point of view. (Inés Mármol, 2017 )
Our Product with Rosehip Oil
GLOWING & ANTI-AGEING: Lightweight, Non-sticky Oil with a Rosy & Woody Aroma absorbs quickly into the skin & reduces Stretch Marks in the Thighs, Hips, Buttocks & Abdomen, which can happen during Puberty, Pregnancy & Bodybuilding etc. A high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids makes Rosehip an excellent oil for mature skin. A Magical blend of Rosehip & Calendula Oil with Almond Oil & Wheat germ Oil relieves Dryness to increase Moisture & Skin Brightening & Elasticity to reduce Scars & Ageing signs & hydrates the areas prone to Stretch Marks & make Skin even.
Rosehip Oil Research Findings
Chemical Compounds in Rosehip Oil:
- The most abundant fatty acid is linoleic acid.
- α-linolenic acid
- oleic acid
- tocopherols
- carotenoids
- phenolic acids
- p-coumaric acid
- methyl ester
- vanillin
- vanillic acid
(Ilyasoğlu, 2014)
Rosehip Oil Benefits for Face
Excellent for Anti-ageing. The longevity of cell membranes is essential to avoid changes related to ageing. Genetics, Nutrition, & the Environment are responsible for ageing and exposure to UV radiation causes photoaging of the skin. Photoaging damages collagen, elastin, and the skin’s moisture barrier, leading to wrinkles, sagging, toughening, and dry skin texture.
A study found that the tretinoin content of rosehip seed oil greatly depends on the extraction method. Cold-pressed Rosehip Oil contains seven times more miracle activity. Trans-retinoic acid, (J. Concha, 2006), aka Tretinoin, one of the other forms of retinoids, has proven its standard in anti-ageing technology. Retinoids refer to a group of compounds derived from Vitamin A. It includes beta-carotene, retinol (pure vitamin A itself) & tretinoin. It is the main bioactive component as it works on the skin at a cellular level, including restoring and regenerating tissues, decreasing wrinkles, helping acne and even normalising pore size. (Daniel Franco, 2007)
Rosehip inhibits collagen-destroying enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, which are increased by UVB), & it's also proven to boost the skin’s collagen synthesis. It also stimulates NMF glycosaminoglycans or the skin protein filaggrin. Normalises keratinisation and minimises pore sizes to produce less sebum (Rong Kong PhD, 2015).
Rosehip Oil Benefits for Skin
Rosehip Oil is an Excellent Moisturizer. It's a nice emollient, moisturising plant oil loaded with substantial Unsaturated fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acid is linoleic acid (35.9–54.8%), followed by α-linolenic acid (16.6–26.5%) and oleic acid (14.7–22.1%). (Ilyasoğlu, 2014). Many lipophilic antioxidants are present, especially tocopherols and carotenoids. It contains a high level of phenolic acids, especially p-coumaric acid methyl ester, vanillin, and vanillic acid. Due to its high composition of UFAs and antioxidants, this oil has relatively high protection against inflammation and oxidative stress. (Cosima Chrubasik, 2008) In the medical field, rosehip Oil also has been used for decades to treat wounds, scars, stretch marks & uneven skin tone.
Healing is a natural and dynamic process in which the body regenerates tissues after injury. This process develops along three phases: inflammation, granulation tissue formation & maturation/remodelling. (Wayne K Stadelmann, 1998). In the remodelling phase, tissue enzymes remove excess extracellular matrix & collagen; the remaining fibrils are realigned along the tension lines. This remodelling process occurs in 6 - 12 months but may persist for years after the initial injury. (Gerd G. Gauglitz, 2010)
High polyunsaturated fatty acid content, fewer other saturated fatty acids, and small amounts of other dermatological active interest like trans-retinoic acid or natural tretinoin, which play a vital role in the permeability of cell membranes and injury repair mechanisms. (Pedro Valerón-Almazán1, 2015)
Rosehip Anti-Ageing Properties
Exposure of the skin to UV induces the generation of reactive oxygen species, causing chronic inflammation and the breakdown of cell membranes in a process referred to as skin photoaging. Photoaging damages collagen, elastin, and the skin’s moisture barrier, leading to wrinkles, sagging, toughening, and dry skin texture. (L Phetcharat, 2022).
The Rosehip Seed contains a significant amount of oil that can be extracted and used for medical and cosmetic applications. Comprise high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential to the skin. L Phetcharat, 2022)
The oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), as well as all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin), a naturally occurring derivative of vitamin A that regenerate damaged skin. (FotirićAkšićgJesusSimal-Gandara, 2022.)
It minimises facial expression wrinkles and prevents pre-mature ageing of skin tissues.
Lipophilic antioxidants, especially tocopherols and carotenoids, have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that make skin healthy.
Glowing Skin
In clinical practice, the measure of TEWL (Trans Epidermal Water Loss) is an essential indicator of skin barrier function. Skin dryness (with or without clinical desquamation) is often associated with an inferior barrier function. (Tzu-Kai Lin 1, 2017)
Plant oils have long been used on the skin for cosmetic and medical purposes because they have been found to have many positive physiological benefits. The Oil application may act as a protective barrier to the skin by an occlusive effect, allowing the skin to retain moisture, resulting in decreased TEWL values & regulates keratinocyte proliferation. (J. Sato, 1998) Additionally, topical products have the benefit of higher bioavailability in the skin and having a localised effect rather than systemic effects. Tzu-Kai Lin 1, 2017)
Rosehip Oil with various components like fatty acids, tocopherols, carotenoids, phenolic acids, and others. Topically applied influences skin physiology (skin barrier, inflammatory status, antioxidant response, and proliferation) differently (Tzu-Kai Lin 1, 2017). It provides the effectiveness of the components that make the skin hydrated with a glow.
Reduce Scars
It has a hydrating and cicatrising effect and can reduce different types of scars. Healing is a natural and dynamic process in which the body regenerates tissues after injury. This process develops along three phases: inflammation, granulation tissue formation & maturation/remodelling. (Wayne K Stadelmann, 1998). In the remodelling phase, tissue enzymes remove excess extracellular matrix & collagen; the remaining fibrils are realigned along the tension lines. This remodelling process occurs in 6 - 12 months but may persist for years after the initial injury. (Gerd G. Gauglitz, 2010)
The oil from the cold pressing of Rosehip seeds has a very high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic), which are essential for synthesising prostaglandins, substances responsible for cell regeneration processes and the renewal of skin tissues. Besides essential fatty acids, there is also trans-retinoic acid, an isomer of vitamin A, whose rejuvenation action makes the skin fresher, smoother, and more elastic. Rosehip oil is effective on scars caused by stretchmarks, sunburns, and skin spots. (Adele Sparavigna, 2009)
Reduce Stretch Marks
Stretch marks are cutaneous lesions frequently occurring in weight gain during puberty and early adult life. The linear lesions evolve with time, passing through an initial red colour (rxed stretch marks) to a typical white stretch mark. In the case of stretch marks, strain forces are so important that the collagen mechanism is disrupted, and irreversible sliding and separation of fibres occur. (Carol Courderot-Masuyer1*)
Rosehip Oil is efficient for treating damaged skin. High polyunsaturated fatty acid content, fewer other saturated fatty acids, and small amounts of other dermatological active interest like trans-retinoic acid or natural tretinoin, which play a vital role in the permeability of cell membranes and injury repair mechanisms. (Pedro Valerón-Almazán1, 2015)
Enriched Vitamin E(Tocopherol) provides Antioxidant effects.
Studies show that massaging Rosehip Oil into the skin can help improve stretch marks’ appearance. Pregnant women use it to warn and attenuate stretch marks and surgical scars associated with antenatal perineal massage to minimise the perineal trauma in childbirth. (E.A. López, 2013)
Even Skin Tone
Rosehip oil has fantastic skin rejuvenation benefits. It helps to fade different types of scars and promote cell turnover.
High polyunsaturated fatty acid content, fewer other saturated fatty acids, and small amounts of other dermatological active interest like tocopherols & trans-retinoic acid or natural tretinoin, which play a vital role in the permeability of cell membranes and injury repair mechanisms. (Pedro Valerón-Almazán1, 2015). Trans-retinoic acid or natural tretinoin inhibits collagen-destroying enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, which are increased by UVB), & it's also proven to boost the skin’s collagen synthesis. It also stimulates NMF glycosaminoglycans or the skin protein filaggrin. Normalises keratinisation and minimises pore sizes to produce less sebum (Rong Kong PhD, 2015)
Natural Source of Vitamin A
Cold-pressed Rosehip Oil contains seven times more miracle activity. Trans-retinoic acid, J. Concha 2006), aka Tretinoin, one of the other forms of retinoids, has proven its standard in anti-ageing technology. Retinoids refer to a group of compounds derived from Vitamin A. It includes beta-carotene, retinol (pure vitamin A itself) & tretinoin. (Daniel Franco, 2007)
Topical application of retinoic acid resulted in histological improvements, including increased dermal collagen synthesis. Retinoic acid plays a vital role in blocking collagenase activity, thus, preventing collagen degradation, which appears to be the molecular basis of its anti-ageing clinical efficacy. (J.Voorhees1, 1995),(Gary J. Fisher, 1996)
Damage to skin collagen and elastin (extracellular matrix) is the hallmark of long-term exposure to solar ultraviolet irradiation. It is believed to be responsible for the wrinkled appearance of sun-exposed skin. (Gary J. Fisher, 1996) Anti-ageing effects of retinoic acid include the inhibition of UV-induction of matrix metalloproteinases and the promotion of collagen synthesis in photoaged skin.
It is the main bioactive component as it works on the skin at a cellular level, including restoring and regenerating tissues, decreasing wrinkles, helping acne and even normalising pore size. (Daniel Franco, 2007)
Cold Pressed Rosehip Oil
This means pressing the oil grains with force and extracting oil. It’s processed at a lower temperature and does not alter the properties of the oil. Rosehip fruit comprises seed and pericarp with contributions from 30% to 35% & 65% to 70%, respectively. An appreciable amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), acyl lipids, & other bioactive such as bioflavonoids, tannins, pectin, sugars, carotenoids, tocopherols & phenolics have been identified in rosehip. (RahmanQadirFarooqAnwar, 2020.)
The physicochemical properties of oil from Rosa affinis rubiginosa seeds were analysed after extraction by 1. organic solvent, 2. cold pressing, and 3. cold pressing assisted by enzymatic pre-treatment. There were no significant differences in oil quality parameters when applying the three extraction processes. However, significant variations were observed in the FFA content (acid value) and PV of the oil obtained by the cold-pressing oil extraction processes. (J. Concha C. S., 2006) Although different procedures can be employed for oil extraction from rosehip seeds, cold pressing is usually preferred as it offers better nutritive/nutraceutical quality oil. Rosehip seed oil is characterised by appreciable linoleic acid and oleic acid levels.(RahmanQadirFarooqAnwar, 2020.) All-trans-retinoic acid content improved by 700% in rosehip oil obtained through cold pressing, with and without enzymatic pre-treatment, compared with organic solvent extraction. (J. Concha C. S., 2006)
This result is quite important for cosmetic oil because all-trans-retinoic acid is the main bioactive component responsible for the regenerative properties of this oil. (J. Concha C. S., 2006)
How to Use:
There’s no recommended dose for Rosehip Oil. Follow all directions on the product label or ask the Doctor for a dosage.
Precaution:
When using rosehip oil, watch for signs of allergic reactions like skin irritation or rash. It should be safe if there is no sign of irritation or rash.
Frequently Asked Questions:
How long does rosehip oil take to fade scars?
According to Scientific Research references, the improvement of the scar was observed subjectively, especially at the level of erythema, with significant differences at 6 and 12 weeks, and discoloration and atrophy, with significant differences at 12 weeks.
How much is vitamin C in rosehip oil?
Several scientific studies have shown that wild rose fruit contains many antioxidant compounds - phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and carotenoids. It belongs to the fruits with the highest ascorbic acid content (up to 6 times more than in oranges). The fruit consists of three different parts: skin, seeds and pappi. The extracts were analysed for determination of vitamin C content. It was found that the main amount of vitamin C is in the skin. The seeds contain a significant amount of oil, which can be extracted and used for medical and cosmetic applications. Pappi can be considered a waste product from hip processing with a high energy value, which can be used to produce alternative solid fuel. (Silviya Georgieva, 2014)
Which rosehip oil is best for the face?
The seeds contain linoleic and oleic acids with significant levels of trans-retinoic, which have regenerative properties to assist skin regeneration following scarring.
Which rosehip oil is best?
Although different procedures can be employed for oil extraction from rosehip seeds, cold pressing is usually preferred as it offers better nutritive/nutraceutical quality oil. Rosehip seed oil is characterised by appreciable linoleic acid and oleic acid levels. All-trans-retinoic acid content improved by 700% in rosehip oil obtained through cold pressing, with and without enzymatic pre-treatment, compared with organic solvent extraction.
Where to store rosehip oil?
It should be stored in a dark, cool place to maintain its beneficial effects. Also, it can refrigerate.
Can I use rosehip oil every day?
Yes, you can use this oil every day. But, when using rosehip oil, watch for signs of allergic reactions like skin irritation or rash.
Can I use rosehip oil twice a day?
Yes, twice using daily is very much effective for tissue regeneration.
Why is rosehip oil good?
Rosehip Oil is extracted from the seeds of rose hip (Rosa canina L). It contains substantial Unsaturated fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acid is linoleic acid (35.9–54.8%), followed by α-linolenic acid (16.6–26.5%) and oleic acid (14.7–22.1%). Many lipophilic antioxidants are present, especially tocopherols and carotenoids. High levels of phenolic acids, especially p-coumaric acid methyl ester, vanillin and vanillic acid, are also found in Rosehip Oil. Due to its high composition of UFAs and antioxidants, this oil has relatively high protection against inflammation and oxidative stress. In the medical field, rosehip Oil also has been used for decades to treat wounds and scars. The beneficial effect of this oil has been attributed to its high content of essential fatty and unsaturated acids, which play a vital role in the permeability of cell membranes and injury repair mechanisms.
How much tretinoin is in rosehip oil?
The Rosehip Oil comes from cold pressing and contains seven times more tretinoin (0.357 ml/l) than the oil from organic solvent extraction.
Suggested Research Papers for Further Reading:
Mármol I, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Jiménez-Moreno N, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ. Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips from Different Rosa Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(6):1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061137
References:
- J. Concha, C. S. (2006, September 01). Effect of rosehip extraction process on oil and defatted meal physicochemical properties.
- Inés Mármol, C. S.-d.-D.-M.-A.-Y. (2017 , May , 25 ). Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips from Different Rosa Species.
- Ilyasoglu, H. (2014). Characterization of Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) Seed and Seed Oil. International Journal of Food Properties, 17(7), 1591-1598. Retrieved 1 27, 2023, from
- Tzu-Kai Lin, L. Z. (2017, December 27). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils.
- Ilyasoğlu, H. (2014, march 24). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2013.777075
- Cosima Chrubasik, B. D.-L. (2008, April 03). A systematic review on the Rosa canina effect and efficacy profiles. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2400
- Wayne K Stadelmann, M. A. (1998, August). Physiology and healing dynamics of chronic cutaneous wounds. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(98)00183-4
- Gerd G. Gauglitz, H. C. (2010, october 5). Hypertrophic Scarring and Keloids: Pathomechanisms and Current and Emerging Treatment Strategies. doi:https://doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2009.00153
- Özcan, M. ( 2004, Jul 7). doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/10966200260398161
- Joyce Silva dos Santos, A. B. ( 2009 , Jun). A Rosa Mosqueta no tratamento de feridas abertas: uma revisão. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672009000300020
- Daniel Franco, M. P. (2007, December ). Processing of Rosa rubiginosa: Extraction of oil and antioxidant substances. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.012
- Rong Kong PhD, Y. C. ( 2015, November 18). A comparative study of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on histological, molecular, and clinical properties of human skin. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12193
- Cosima Chrubasik, B. D.-L. ( 2008, April 03). A systematic review on the Rosa canina effect and efficacy profiles. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2400
- FikretDemira, M. (2000, December 6). Chemical and technological properties of rose (Rosa canina L.) fruits grown wild in Turkey. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00129-1
- Ilyasoğlu, H. (2014, Mar 21). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2013.777075
- Cosima Chrubasik, B. D.-L. (2008, April 03). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2400
- Cosima Chrubasik, B. D.-L. (2008, April 03). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2400
- Mariola Dąbrowska, E. M. ( 2019, May 23). Rose Hip Seed Oil: Methods of Extraction and Chemical Composition. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201800440
- Prasanta Baishya, M. M. ( 2017, July). Natural Polymer‐Based Nanocomposites: A Greener Approach for the Future. doi:DOI:10.1002/9781119441632.ch139
- Prakash C. Sharma, M. K. (2018). Nutraceutical and Medicinal Importance of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae sp.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/hippophae
- Mustafa Kiralan, G. Y. ( 2019, May 09). Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-12473-1_43
- RahmanQadirFarooqAnwar. ( 2020., July 24). Cold Pressed Oils. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818188-1.00028-1
- J. Concha, C. S. ( 2006, September). Effect of rosehip extraction process on oil and defatted meal physicochemical properties. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11746-006-5013-2
- Wilbur Johnson, W. F.-9. (2022, May 7). doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/10915818221080088
- Silviya Georgieva, G. A. ( 2014, July 04 ). CONCENTRATION OF VITAMIN C. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285984054_Concentration_of_vitamin_C_and_antioxidant_activity_of_rosehip_extracts
- Kamada, J. S. (2009, june). A Rosa Mosqueta no tratamento de feridas abertas: uma revisão. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672009000300020
- Adele Sparavigna, B. T. (2009). Clinical and instrumental evaluation. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adele-Sparavigna/publication/258027466_Clinical_and_instumental_evaluation_of_the_activity_of_a_combined_cosmetic_treatment_applied_to_stretchmarks/links/00b49526a43307fc50000000/Clinical-and-instumental-evaluation-of-
- Pedro Valerón-Almazán1, A. J.-D.-M.-B. ( 2015, June 29). Evolution of Post-Surgical Scars Treated with Pure Rosehip Seed Oil. Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/html/13-1050307_57497.htm#ref9
- L Phetcharat, K. W. (2022, Oct 19). The effectiveness of a standardized rose hip powder, containing seeds and shells of Rosa canina, on cell longevity, skin wrinkles, moisture, and elasticity. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/CIA.S90092
- FotirićAkšićgJesusSimal-Gandara, J.-D.-T. C. ( 2022., November 23 ). Fatty acids in seed oil of wild and cultivated rosehip (Rosa canina L.) from different locations in Serbia. doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115797
- Tzu-Kai Lin 1, L. Z. ( 2017, December 27). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. doi:doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010070
- J. Sato, M. D. ( 1998, November). Loss of water from the stratum corneum induces epidermal DNA synthesis in hairless mice. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004030050364
- Adele Sparavigna, B. T. (n.d.). Clinical and instrumental evaluation. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adele-Sparavigna/publication/258027466_Clinical_and_instumental_evaluation_of_the_activity_of_a_combined_cosmetic_treatment_applied_to_stretchmarks/links/00b49526a43307fc50000000/Clinical-and-instumental-evaluation-of-
- Adele Sparavigna, B. T. (2009, january). Journal of Plastic Dermatology 2009; 5, 113IntroductionTopical treatment of stre t c h m a r k s(striae cutis atrophicae et distensae) is hardly suc-cessful especially for old lesions, which can beconsidered as scars following distension andrupture. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258027466_Clinical_and_instumental_evaluation_of_the_activity_of_a_
- J.Voorhees1, G. J. (1995, July ). All-Trans Retinoic Acid Induces Cellular Retinol-Binding Protein in Human Skin In Vivo. doi:doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12313352
- Gary J. Fisher, S. C.-Q. ( 1996, January 25 ). Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. doi:doi.org/10.1038/379335a0
- Gary J. Fisher, S. C.-Q. (1996, January 25). Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/379335a0
- E.A. López, J. P. ( 2013, January). Scientific evidence on the use of rose hip oil pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286129872_Scientific_evidence_on_the_use_of_rose_hip_oil_pregnancy
- Carol Courderot-Masuyer1*, S. R. (n.d.). Evaluation of a Preventive Effect of a Lotion on the Formation of Stretch Marks. Quantification of Contractile Forces Developed by Fibroblasts from Early Stretch Marks (Red Color) and from Healthy Surrounding Skin Using GlasBoxPlus Device. doi:10.4236/jcdsa.2017.72016
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